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DNS知识精要:快速掌握DNS基础 ​

INFO

DNS 通过使用服务器的分层系统来工作。当用户在Web浏览器中输入域名时，浏览器会向 DNS 服务器发送请求。然后，DNS 服务器在其数据库中查找域名并返回网站或服务的 IP 地址。最后，浏览器使用 IP 地址连接到网站或服务。

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DNS解析 ​

txt
现代常用域名解析方式：递归，迭代+递归

递归解析本地 DNS 服务器会将请求转发到更高级别的 DNS 服务器，直到找到存储该域名IP地址的 DNS 服务器。然后，更高级别的 DNS 服务器将 IP 地址返回给本地 DNS 服务器，本地 DNS 服务器再将 IP 地址返回给客户端。

迭代解析一种特殊的 DNS 解析方式，允许客户端直接与更高级别的 DNS 服务器通信。在迭代解析中，客户端将请求发送到更高级别的 DNS 服务器。更高级别的 DNS 服务器将返回一个包含域名信息的响应。如果该响应包含 IP 地址，客户端将使用该 IP 地址连接到网站或服务。如果该响应不包含 IP 地址，客户端将再次发送请求，直到找到 IP 地址。

域名服务器分类:
根域名
顶级域名
权限域名服务器(总能将主机名转化为IP)

常用域名解析类型:

txt
A类型       域名直接指向IPv4
AAAA类型    域名直接指向IPv6
CNAME类型   域名网络指向主机名(允许多个域名映射到同一个主机名,通常用来使用CDN)
NS类型      域名网络指向DNS解析服务器，由指向的DNS服务器进行解析
PTR类型     反向域名解析
MX类型      域名指向邮件服务器

域名信息查询网站 ​

txt
域名注册信息
    https://whois.aliyun.com/
域名备案信息
    https://www.beianx.cn/

DNS相关命令 ​

nslookup ​

shell
nslookup monody.net
Output
txt
Default server: 172.26.0.2
Address: 172.26.0.2#53
Default server: 192.168.1.1
Address: 192.168.1.1#53
Default server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8.8.8#53

Set options:
novc			nodebug		nod2
search		recurse
timeout = 0		retry = 3	port = 53	ndots = 1
querytype = A       	class = IN
srchlist =
Server:		172.26.0.2
Address:	172.26.0.2#53

Non-authoritative answer:
Name:	monody.net
Address: 216.239.32.21
Name:	monody.net
Address: 216.239.36.21
Name:	monody.net
Address: 216.239.34.21
Name:	monody.net
Address: 216.239.38.21
Name:	monody.net
Address: 2001:4860:4802:32::15
Name:	monody.net
Address: 2001:4860:4802:36::15
Name:	monody.net
Address: 2001:4860:4802:38::15
Name:	monody.net
Address: 2001:4860:4802:34::15

dig ​

shell
dig docs.monody.net any #解析全部记录
Output
txt
; <<>> DiG 9.18.16-1-Debian <<>> monody.net any
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 34883
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 13, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;monody.net.			IN	ANY

;; ANSWER SECTION:
monody.net.		3600	IN	AAAA	2001:4860:4802:38::15
monody.net.		3600	IN	AAAA	2001:4860:4802:32::15
monody.net.		3600	IN	AAAA	2001:4860:4802:34::15
monody.net.		3600	IN	AAAA	2001:4860:4802:36::15
monody.net.		21600	IN	SOA	ns-cloud-e1.googledomains.com. cloud-dns-hostmaster.google.com. 110 21600 3600 259200 300
monody.net.		21600	IN	NS	ns-cloud-e3.googledomains.com.
monody.net.		21600	IN	NS	ns-cloud-e2.googledomains.com.
monody.net.		21600	IN	NS	ns-cloud-e4.googledomains.com.
monody.net.		21600	IN	NS	ns-cloud-e1.googledomains.com.
monody.net.		3600	IN	A	216.239.38.21
monody.net.		3600	IN	A	216.239.36.21
monody.net.		3600	IN	A	216.239.34.21
monody.net.		3600	IN	A	216.239.32.21

;; Query time: 307 msec
;; SERVER: 172.26.0.2#53(172.26.0.2) (TCP)
;; WHEN: Sat Sep 09 10:48:56 CST 2023
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 400
shell
dig -x 216.239.34.21 #反向解析
Output
txt
; <<>> DiG 9.18.16-1-Debian <<>> -x 216.239.36.21
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 55097
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;21.36.239.216.in-addr.arpa.	IN	PTR

;; ANSWER SECTION:
21.36.239.216.in-addr.arpa. 300	IN	PTR	any-in-2415.1e100.net.

;; Query time: 248 msec
;; SERVER: 172.26.0.2#53(172.26.0.2) (UDP)
;; WHEN: Sat Sep 09 10:49:26 CST 2023
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 90

host ​

shell
host monody.net
Output
txt
monody.net has address 216.239.36.21
monody.net has address 216.239.32.21
monody.net has address 216.239.38.21
monody.net has address 216.239.34.21
monody.net has IPv6 address 2001:4860:4802:34::15
monody.net has IPv6 address 2001:4860:4802:38::15
monody.net has IPv6 address 2001:4860:4802:36::15
monody.net has IPv6 address 2001:4860:4802:32::15

whois ​

shell
whois monody.net
Output
txt
Domain Name: MONODY.NET
Registry Domain ID: 2749741945_DOMAIN_NET-VRSN
Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.google.com
Registrar URL: http://domains.google.com
Updated Date: 2023-09-03T03:47:39Z
Creation Date: 2023-01-07T13:42:45Z
Registry Expiry Date: 2024-01-07T13:42:45Z
Registrar: Google LLC
Registrar IANA ID: 895
Registrar Abuse Contact Email: registrar-abuse@google.com
Registrar Abuse Contact Phone: +1.8772376466
Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited
Name Server: NS-CLOUD-E1.GOOGLEDOMAINS.COM
Name Server: NS-CLOUD-E2.GOOGLEDOMAINS.COM
Name Server: NS-CLOUD-E3.GOOGLEDOMAINS.COM
Name Server: NS-CLOUD-E4.GOOGLEDOMAINS.COM
DNSSEC: unsigned

traceroute ​

shell
traceroute google.com
Output
txt
21  100.92.133.11 (100.92.133.11)  307.119 ms 100.92.125.33 (100.92.125.33)  306.961 ms 100.92.133.9 (100.92.133.9)  306.857 ms
22  240.1.228.12 (240.1.228.12)  307.004 ms 99.83.116.85 (99.83.116.85)  309.066 ms 99.83.117.223 (99.83.117.223)  308.960 ms
23  99.83.116.80 (99.83.116.80)  287.935 ms 100.92.128.133 (100.92.128.133)  288.263 ms 99.83.116.80 (99.83.116.80)  287.874 ms
24  99.83.117.223 (99.83.117.223)  287.932 ms  287.841 ms 99.83.116.85 (99.83.116.85)  287.968 ms
25  * 99.83.116.85 (99.83.116.85)  287.939 ms 209.85.254.247 (209.85.254.247)  287.812 ms
26  100.92.125.51 (100.92.125.51)  287.944 ms 142.251.241.136 (142.251.241.136)  287.692 ms 100.92.133.35 (100.92.133.35)  287.884 ms
27  240.1.228.15 (240.1.228.15)  287.685 ms 240.1.228.13 (240.1.228.13)  287.754 ms 108.170.245.108 (108.170.245.108)  289.466 ms
28  74.125.243.177 (74.125.243.177)  289.443 ms 99.83.116.84 (99.83.116.84)  407.705 ms 240.1.228.12 (240.1.228.12)  407.851 ms
29  sea30s02-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.14.238)  407.567 ms 99.83.117.223 (99.83.117.223)  407.744 ms 99.83.117.218 (99.83.117.218)  407.680 ms

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